What KYC means ?

 know ?

What you should know ?

  - true identify and beneficial ownership of the accounts 

 - permanent address, registered and administrative address 

Your ? 

Who should know ? 

 - branch manager , audit officer, monitoring official 

customer ? who is ? 

- One who maintains an account, establishes business relationship on who is behalf account is maintained beneficiary of accounts maintained by intermediate and one who carries potential risk through transaction 

- making reasonable efforts to determine the true identify and beneficial ownership of accounts

- source of fund 

- nature of customer`s business 

- what constitution reasonable account activity ?

- Who your customer`s customer are ? 

  Kyc is the due diligence and bank regulation that financial institution and other regulated companies must perform to identify their client and ascertain relevant information pertaining to

doing financial business with thems.

Kyc dose not mean 

- denial of service to the common person 

- Intrusive behavior 

- Use of information 

- harassment of customers threatening to close down the accounts arbitarily 

functions of Central Bank #Role of central Bank

 functions of Central Bank 

Nepals Central Bank is nepal rastra bank Which is established in 1956 AD. as per act 1955 A.D.As per NRB Act 2058 article 5 major functions of NRB is as Following:

a. To issue Bank notes and coins 

b. To formulate necessary policies in order to maintain price stabilityand to implement or cause to implement them. 

c. To determine the system of foreign exchange rate.

d. To manage and operate Foreign exchange reserve.

e. To formulate exchange policies and to implement or cause to implement them.

f. To issue license to commercial banks and financial institutions to carry on banking and financial business and to regulate, inspect, supervise and monitor such transactions.

g. To act as a banker advisor and financial agent of government of nepal. 

h.To act as the banker of commercial banks and financial institutions and to functions as the lender of the last resort. 

i. To establish and promote the system of payment clearing and settlement and to regulate these activities and 

j.To implement or case yo implement the system any other necessary functions which the bank has to carry out in order to achieve the objectives of the bank.

#Role of central Bank 

In the developing countries the central bank has to play a much wider role Beside Performing the traditional functions the central bank has to undertake responsibility of economic growth with stability in these economies. Moreover since the developing countries do not have well- organized money and capital markets the central bank has a crucial function develop the banking and financial system of the country. The central bank performs the following development and promotional roles in the developing countries.

1. Traditional Functions role

The central  banks in the developing countries perform both traditional and non- traditional functions. The traditional functions of central bank are having the monopoly of note-issue ,acting as banker to the government serving as bankers bank , functioning as the lender of the last resort, controlling and regulating the credit and maintaining the external stability..

Banking History In world

 History of Banking 

History of Banking being with the first prototype bank of merchants of the ancient world, which made grain loans o farmers and traders who carried goods between cities. This began around 2000 BC in assyria

and babylonia later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire, lenders based in temples made loans and added two important innovations: they accepted deposited and changed money. Archaeology form this period in ancient China and india , also shows evidence of money lending activity. 

Banking, in the modern sense of the word, can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in north such as Florence, Venice and Genoa. The bardi and peruzzi families of Europr. Perhaps the most famous Italian bank was the medici bank, established by Giovanni Medici in 1397. 

The development of banking spread from northern Italy through Europe and a member of important innovations took place in Amsterdam during the dutch republic in the 16th century , and in London  in the 17th century. During the 20th  century , development in telecommunication and computing caused major changes to bank operations and let banks dramatically increase in size and the worlds largest banks and much debate about bank regulation.

Major Event in the  history  of banking in the world 

#  Florentine banking -  the medicis and pittis among others.

#1100 - 1300 -  knight templar run earliest Euro wide/Mideast Banking 

#1542-1551 - The Great Debasement refers to the English Crown,s policy of coement during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI.

#1553- First joint-Stock company, the company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands, is Chartered in London. 

#1602-The Amsterdam stock Exchange was established by the Dutch East India Company for dealings in it is printed stocks and bonds 

#1609- The Amsterdamsche WissIbank (Amsterdam Exchange Bank ) was Founded.

#1656 The first European bank to use bank notes opened in sweden for private clientele, during 1668 the institution converted to a public bank.

# 1690- The Massachusetts Bay colony was the first of the  Thirteen Colonies to issue permanently circulating bank notes.

#1694 - The bank Of England was set up to supply money to the king.

#1695 - The parliament of Scotland creates the bank of Scotland. 

#1716 - John law open BanqueGenerale 

#1717 - Master of The Royal Mint sir Isaac  Newton established a new mint ratio between silver and gold that hand the effect of driving silver of circulation (biaetalism) and putting Britain on a gold standard.

#1720 the South Sea Bubble and john law,s Mississippi Scheme, Which caused a European Financial crisis and Forced many banker out of business 

#1775 - The first Building society , ketley ,s Building society , was establish in Birmingham, England  

#1782- The Bank of North America opens. 

# 1791- The first bank of united States was a bank chartered by the United States Congress The charter was for 20 years.

what is cyber crime ?

# cyber crime #facebook

cyber crime is any criminal activity that involves a computer network device or network. It is also defined as technology crime, IT crime digital crime, electronic crime, virtual crime, network crime and high technology crime. It is one of the fastest growing crime areas in the entire world. 

While most cyber crime are committed to generated profit for cyber criminals, some cyber crime are committed against computer or devices directly to damage or disable them others use a computer or network to spread malware, illegal information, image, or other materials.

The primary effect of cyber crime can involve many different types of criminal activity for profit, including ransomware attacks, email and internet fraud, and identity fraud, as well as attempts to steal financial account, credit card or other payment card information 

Nepal is no exception to attract the threat of cyber crime. The growing number of internet and computer users and growth of technology are fueling cyber crime Nepal faces huge obstacles due to it is limited policies and regulation. Cyber crime is increasing every day, individuals organizations and governments are trying to find ways to defend themselves against cyber lures and threats.It is changing all aspects of human activity and in such a case, cyber law is now essential.

what is e-commerce business

what is E-commerce ? E-commerce process flow  ? 

E- commerce refers to purchasing and selling of products and service over the internet through a website or social media and gets it delivered directly at customer doorstep.It is also known as electronic commerce. It allows the customer  to exchange things without any barriers of time and distance.

It physical (traditional) commerce , customer have to go to the market , look at the variety of products ,choose the required stuff and then purchase them by paying the specified amount. But with the advent of e-commerce ,people can buy goods pay bills or transfer money in just one click. it is a new concept of marketing in which the buyer and seller do nit see each other face to face nor see the goods physically. The whole transaction is carried out through online. 

In physical (traditional) commerce. customer have to go to the market.look at the variety of product, chose the required stuff and the purchase then by paying the specified amount. But with the advent of e-commerce, people can buy goods pay bills or transfer money in just one click. It is a new concept of marketing in Which the buyer and seller do not see each other face to face nor seen the goods physically. The whole transaction is carried out through online.

The manufactures distributors suppliers and services provider their consumer to know about their product's quality,price,size,color, etc through catalogues on websites. the e-commerce applications are generally used for retail,wholesale , manufacturing , Auctioning, marketing online shopping, mobile and web application, online booking, online publishing, e-banking, etc.

As technology is developing day by day nations are also developing with it . The advancement of smartphone, computer system, web access speed etc. has made it easy for users to execute their tasks in a short interval of time. 

E-Commerce process flow 

The e-commerce process flow describes all the step and functionality that makes an e-commerce website work.

- The customer selects the product 

- Add selected products to cart

- The  payment is processed through online or cash is paid on delivery 

- The selected products are confirmed.

- Confirmation emails are sent to customer 

- Inventory Departments are informed about the confirmed products which are to be delivered.

- Shipping carrier picks up orders and delivers them to the customers 

What do you mean by ROM?

 What do you mean by ROM?

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but

cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored

permanently in such memories during manufacture.

A ROM, stores such instruction as are required to start computer when electricity is

first turned on, this operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chip are not only used

in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and

microwave oven.

Types of ROM are as follows:

PROM

EPROM

EEPROM

Define Cache Memory

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed 

up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used to 

hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by CPU. 

The parts of data and programs, are transferred from disk to cache memory by 

operating system, from where CPU can access them.

Advantages

 Cache memory is faster than main memory.

 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.

 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time

Output Devices:

 Output Devices:

An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or 

user. Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video.

Thus, most output devices used by humans are in these categories. Examples include 

monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones and printers.

Hard Copy

Output that is in the form of print document, which can be read directly, long last and 

permanently stored. E.g. A word document containing text and images printed by the 

printer on a paper.

Soft Copy

Output that is in the form of metallic or audio form, which is cannot be read directly by the

user. E.g. A collection of music files and folders on a CD.

Accordingly the output devices are classified as hard copy devices and soft copy devices.

Hard Copy Devices : printers, fax machine, photographic output devices etc.

Soft Copy Devices : monitors, data projectors, speakers etc

Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.

 Monitors

 Graphic Plotter

 Printer

Monitors

Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a

computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular 

form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

 Flat-Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, 

the better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form 

a whole character, such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help.

A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be 

divided into a series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard 

character can be placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data 

horizontally and 25 lines vertically.

There are some disadvantages of CRT −

 Large in Size

 High power consumption

Flat-Panel Display Monitor

The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight 

and power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear 

them on your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, 

monitors, laptop computer, and graphics display.

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −

 Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into 

light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).

 Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or 

light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal 

Device).



LCD (Liquid crystal display) Monitor:

It produces a picture by passing polarized light from the surroundings or from an 

internal light source through a liquid crystal material that can transfer light. It works on 

the principle of blocking the light rather than emitting the light which enable them to 

consume less power than CRT monitor. Liquid crystalline material is sandwiches between 

two glass or plastic plates. The front plate is transparent and the back plate is reflective. 

There is a coating of thin film on the front plate. The coating is transparent and conductive.

An electrically conductive film is put on the back plate. A voltage is applied between a 

segment and the back plate to create an electric field.LCD doesn’t emit their own light. 

LCD uses fluorescent lights.

LED (Light Emitting Diode) Monitor:

It is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light emitting diodes as a video 

display. LED displays are actually the LCD displays with an LED backlight to power up the 

LCD panel. It means that LEDs are placed behind or around the LCD panel to enhance the 

luminosity. LED uses light emitting diode while LCD uses fluorescent lights. Printers

Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

There are basically two types of printer:

1. Impact printer.

2. Non-impact printer.

Impact printer: They are like type typewriters. The characters are formed by physical striking against inked ribbon. eg. Dot

Matrix, Daisy Wheel, Line printer (Drum printer, Chain printer).

Non-impact printer: It does not strike the paper to print the characters. These characters are formed by electrostatic, inkjet,

laser or heat technology.

Since, there is no physical contact between the printer and the paper, they have less number of moving parts and produce

low noise. They are faster than impact printers. There are normally three types of Non-impact printers:

a. Thermal printer: It uses heat to print.

b. Ink-Jet printer: It uses spray method to print.

c. Laser printer: It uses laser beam to print.

Note: Printer is classified in three categories, by how they print and how fast they operate:

i. Character printer: Such printer’s print one character of the text at a time.

ii. Line printer: Such printer prints one line of text at a time.

iii. Page printer: It prints one page of the text at a time.

Impact Printers: 

A. DOT MATRIX:

Such type of printer uses the dot matrix printing mechanism which allows to print a character by printing the selected

number of dots from a matrix to form a matrix [ as rows and columns ] of dots .The dot matrix consists of dots of rows and

columns. It contains a print head of small pins that strikes on inked ribbon forming characters or images. Prints head are available

with 9, 18,24 pins. Printing speed lies in the range of 30-600 CPS( character per second).They are noisy.

B. DAISY WHEEL :

The print element of this printer is a flat spoke wheel with characters embossed along the outer edge of the spokes. They

daisy wheel print element rotates to the appropriate characters which is then struck with a hammer. It has speed of about 90 CPS

(character per second).It is noisy and it can’t print graphics. 

LINE PRINTER:

This is a special type of impact printer which works like dot matrix printer but uses a special wide print head that can print

an entire line of text at one time. Line printer do not offer high resolutions but are fast. The fastest line printer can print 3000 lines

of text per minute.

Impact line printer is explained as follows:

a) Drum printer: It contains characters on a rotating drum. The hammer hit the paper and ribbon against the desired

characters on the drum when it comes in the printing position. Its noise level is high. Its speed varies from 200-2000 lines

per minute.

b) Chain printer: It contains character on rotating chain. They print one line at a time. When desired character comes in the

print position the hammer strikes the ribbon and paper against the character. Noise level is high. Its speed ranges from 400-

2400 lines per minute.

c) Band printer: They contain fast rotating steel print band in place of chain which is embossed with characters. Hammers

strike the ribbon and the paper against the character to print it. Some band printer up to 3000 lines per minute. In such

printer noise level is high.

Non-Impact printers: 

I. INKJET PRINTER:

Inkjet printer create an image directly on the paper by spraying ink through tiny nozzles. Nozzles can hold four different

colours, CYMK ( Cyan( Blue-Green),Magenta (Purple red ),Yellow and black (K stands for black).Others colors are derived by

the combination of these four colours.It is quieter than dot matrix printer and produces high quality images. They are also called

bubble-jet printers. It work by forming an image that is composed of tiny dots, but the dots are much smaller and numerous. They

are slow and per page cost of running a laser printer because the cost of ink cartridge is high.

Advantage of inkjet printers:

a. It has high quality output.

b. It is good for printing pictures.

c. It is quieter than dot matrix.

d. No warm-up time.

Disadvantage of inkjet printers:

a. Its print head is less durable.

b. It is expensive since its replacement cartridge is expensive.

c. It is not good for volume printing (print lot of pages).

d. It is not fast as laser printer.

II. Laser printer:

They are more expensive than inkjet printers; their print quality is higher and faster. A separate CPU and memory are built

into the printer to interpret the data that it receives from the computer and to control the laser. It uses the principle of dot matrix

printers in creating dot like images. These images are created on drum, treated with magnetically charged ink powder known as

toner and then transferred from drum to paper. They are quieter and faster than dot matrix printer. Print resolutions ranges from

300-2400 dpi (Dot per inch).

III. Thermal printer:

They are used for presentations of graphics and high quality images. They are expensive and require expensive paper. It

uses color waxes and heat to produce images by burning dots on to special heat sensitive paper. Characters are printed by applying

heat to selected rods in print head. When heated rods press the ribbon against the paper, the wax melts and ink is transferred to the

paper, the characters are formed.

PLOTTER:

It is special kind of output device. It is like printer because it produces images on paper but the plotter is typically used to

print large format images, such as engineering drawings. They use ink pen or ink jet to draw graphic. Either single color or

multicolor pens can be employed. They are slow device.

The graphics and drawings produce by pen plotter are uniform, precise and are of good quality. They are expensive than